Citoyen
  • Home
  • Countries
  • Categories
  • Comparison
  • Synthesis notes
  • Analyses
  • Reforms
  • Sources
  • About
  • Home
  • Countries
  • Search
  • Analyses

Australia

Compare with…

Primary KPIs

Fresh data

NewOct 31, 2026

Economy & public finances

Australia — Public debt (amount)

Outstanding consolidated gross debt of general government (central and local government, social security), in current national currency. Complements public debt as % of GDP: the amount measures what is owed, the ratio its sustainability.
1.4TAUD
2025
Source: IMF· Data 2025
Upd. 05/2025 · Y-axis truncated
ExploreSource

NewNov 5, 2026

Demography

Australia — Population by age band

Population by age band (0-19, 20-59, 60-74, 75 and over). France: Insee, population of Metropolitan France on 1 January, since 1946. Other countries and the European Union: OECD historical population data (annual estimates), since 1950 at the earliest.· Annual population estimates compiled by the OECD (historical population data, both sexes). The four bands are sums of the OECD five-year age groups (0-19 = 0-4 to 15-19; 75 and over = 75-79, 80-84 and 85 and over). Same bands as the France card, but France uses Insee estimates on 1 January: levels are not strictly comparable from one country to another. When the OECD series changes basis (one band moving by more than 15 % in a year, e.g. a new census), the card starts on the new basis.· Licence : OECD terms and conditions — source: OECD, Historical population data
75 and over60-74 years20-59 years0-19 years
Source: OECD· Data 2025Source type : Official
OECD, annual population
ExploreSource

NewNov 5, 2026

Demography

Australia — Population by age band (share)

Population by age band (0-19, 20-59, 60-74, 75 and over). France: Insee, population of Metropolitan France on 1 January, since 1946. Other countries and the European Union: OECD historical population data (annual estimates), since 1950 at the earliest.· Annual population estimates compiled by the OECD (historical population data, both sexes). The four bands are sums of the OECD five-year age groups (0-19 = 0-4 to 15-19; 75 and over = 75-79, 80-84 and 85 and over). Same bands as the France card, but France uses Insee estimates on 1 January: levels are not strictly comparable from one country to another. When the OECD series changes basis (one band moving by more than 15 % in a year, e.g. a new census), the card starts on the new basis.· Licence : OECD terms and conditions — source: OECD, Historical population data
75 and over60-74 years20-59 years0-19 years
Source: OECD· Data 2025Source type : Official
OECD, annual population
ExploreSource

Reforms under way — All reforms

Australia·Education & training

Social media minimum age of 16 (2024 Act and 2026 enforcement Act)

Since 10 December 2025, platforms such as Facebook, Instagram, Snapchat, TikTok, X and YouTube must take « reasonable steps » to prevent Australians under 16 from holding an account. Children and parents face no penalty: the obligation and fines fall on platforms, up to 150,000 penalty units (A$49.5m) for a company, doubled by a 2026 Act.

In forceIn force as strengthened by Act No. 83 of 2026: maximum penalties doubled and new investigation powers for the eSafety Commissioner.
Updated: November 5, 2026
Australia·Housing

National Housing Accord and Housing Australia Future Fund: 1.2 million homes in five years

Announced in the October 2022 federal Budget, the National Housing Accord commits the federal, state and territory governments to a housing supply target, raised by National Cabinet on 16 August 2023 to 1.2 million new well-located homes over five years from 1 July 2024. Its main legislative instrument, the Housing Australia Future Fund Act 2023 (Royal Assent on 28 September 2023, in force since 1 November 2023), sets up a $10 billion fund whose returns finance social and affordable housing through the agency Housing Australia. Together with the Accord facility, the programme now targets 40,000 social and affordable homes by 30 June 2029; as at 30 June 2026, 1,529 of them were complete.

In forceCommencement fixed by proclamation (F2023N00456). The five-year Accord period itself starts on 1 July 2024.
Updated: November 5, 2026
Australia·Economy & public finances

Redesign of the « Stage 3 » income tax cuts (2024) and the 2026-2027 top-ups

The « Stage 3 » income tax cuts legislated in 2018 and 2019 under the Coalition were to apply, from 1 July 2024, a single 30% rate from A$45,000 to A$200,000. On 25 January 2024 the Albanese government announced a redesign, passed on 27 February 2024: from 1 July 2024 the 19% rate falls to 16%, the 32.5% rate to 30%, and the 37% and 45% thresholds rise to A$135,000 and A$190,000. A 2025 act lowers the first rate again, to 15% since 1 July 2026 and 14% from 1 July 2027.

In forceIn force with the first rate at 15% for 2026-27; the More Cost of Living Relief Act 2025 already sets it at 14% from 2027-28.
Updated: November 5, 2026

Economy & public finances — see every Economy & public finances indicator on one page

Read the summary

Purchasing power & prices — see every Purchasing power & prices indicator on one page

Read the summary

Labour market — see every Labour market indicator on one page

Read the summary

Health — see every Health indicator on one page

Read the summary

Security & crime — see every Security & crime indicator on one page

Read the summary

Immigration & integration — see every Immigration & integration indicator on one page

Read the summary

Housing — see every Housing indicator on one page

Read the summary

Education & training — see every Education & training indicator on one page

Read the summary

Environment, energy & climate — see every Environment, energy & climate indicator on one page

Read the summary

Social cohesion, poverty & inequality — see every Social cohesion, poverty & inequality indicator on one page

Read the summary

Transport & mobility — see every Transport & mobility indicator on one page

Read the summary

Defense — see every Defense indicator on one page

Read the summary

Institutional trust — see every Institutional trust indicator on one page

Read the summary

Demography — see every Demography indicator on one page

Economy & public finances

Australia — GDP growth

Primary KPI: one of the key indicators tracked first for this country.Change in real GDP from one period to the next; positive means the economy grows, negative that it shrinks.
2.1%
Q2 2026
Frequency
Source: Australian Bureau of Statistics· Data Q2 2026
 
ExploreSource
Purchasing power & prices

Australia — Inflation (CPI)

Primary KPI: one of the key indicators tracked first for this country.Average annual rise in consumer prices (CPI); 2% is the common target, above it purchasing power erodes.
2.9%
2025
Source: OECD· Data 2025
Upd. 06/2026
ExploreSource
Labour market

Australia — Unemployment rate (ILO)

Primary KPI: one of the key indicators tracked first for this country.Share of the labour force without a job and seeking one, per the ILO definition; lower is better.
4.6%
Q3 2026
Frequency
Source: Australian Bureau of Statistics· Data Q3 2026
Y-axis truncated
ExploreSource
Health

Australia — Life expectancy

Primary KPI: one of the key indicators tracked first for this country.Average number of years a newborn can expect to live under current mortality conditions.
83.05years
2024
Source: World Bank· Data 2024
Upd. 10/2026 · Y-axis truncated
ExploreSource
Security & crime

Australia — Homicides

Primary KPI: one of the key indicators tracked first for this country.Homicides per 100,000 inhabitants; the most reliable violence indicator as it is best recorded.
0.85per 100k
2023
Source: World Bank· Data 2023
Upd. 10/2026 · Y-axis truncated
ExploreSource
Housing

Australia — Property price index

Primary KPI: one of the key indicators tracked first for this country.House price index (Notaires-INSEE); tracks property prices, base 100 at a reference year.
133index
2024
Frequency
Source: BIS· Data 2024
Upd. 06/2025 · Y-axis truncated
ExploreSource
Education & training

Australia — PISA scores

Primary KPI: one of the key indicators tracked first for this country.Average pupil score on the international PISA tests (reading, maths, science); allows education systems to be compared.
491score
2018
Source: World Bank· Data 2018
Upd. 06/2024
ExploreSource
Environment, energy & climate

Australia — GHG emissions

Primary KPI: one of the key indicators tracked first for this country.Total greenhouse-gas emissions, in million tonnes of CO2 equivalent; cutting it is the climate goal.
591MtCO2e
2024
Source: World Bank· Data 2024
Upd. 10/2026 · Y-axis truncated
ExploreSource
Transport & mobility

Australia — Road mortality

Primary KPI: one of the key indicators tracked first for this country.Number of people killed on the roads; the main road-safety indicator.
4.9​
2019
Source: World Bank· Data 2019
Upd. 04/2026 · Y-axis truncated
ExploreSource
Defense

Australia — Defense spending

Primary KPI: one of the key indicators tracked first for this country.Military spending as % of GDP; measures the national defense effort.
1.9% GDP
2024
Source: World Bank· Data 2024
Upd. 10/2026 · Y-axis truncated
ExploreSource
Institutional trust

Australia — Leader approval

36%net -24
Anthony Albanese · Premier ministre
Source: Newspoll (The Australian)· Data 2026-06
Satisfaction · in office since May 2022
ExploreSource
Defense

Australia — Armed forces at a glance

58,000​
Active personnel · 2024· ≈ order of magnitude
  • ≈33,000
    Reserves
  • ≈59
    Main battle tanks
  • ≈1,100
    Armoured vehicles
Source: IISS Military Balance 2024 · SIPRI· Data 2024
approximate values
Explore
Institutional trust

Australia — Trust in national government

Primary KPI: one of the key indicators tracked first for this country.Share of the population reporting trust in the national government.
46.2%
2023
Source: OECD· Data 2023
Y-axis truncated
ExploreSource
Economy & public finances

Australia — GDP growth

Primary KPI: one of the key indicators tracked first for this country.Change in real GDP from one period to the next; positive means the economy grows, negative that it shrinks.
2.1%
Q2 2026
Frequency
Source: Australian Bureau of Statistics· Data Q2 2026
 
ExploreSource
Economy & public finances

Australia — Public debt

Total government debt as a share of GDP; the lower the ratio, the more sustainable the debt.
50.9% GDP
2025
Source: IMF· Data 2025
Upd. 05/2025 · Y-axis truncated
ExploreSource
Economy & public finances

Australia — Budget balance

Government revenue minus spending over a year, as % of GDP; negative is a deficit, positive a surplus.
-3.9% GDP
2025
Source: OECD· Data 2025
Upd. 06/2026
ExploreSource
Economy & public finances

Australia — Public debt (amount)

Outstanding consolidated gross debt of general government (central and local government, social security), in current national currency. Complements public debt as % of GDP: the amount measures what is owed, the ratio its sustainability.
1.4TAUD
2025
Source: IMF· Data 2025
Upd. 05/2025 · Y-axis truncated
ExploreSource
Economy & public finances

Australia — GDP

Gross domestic product at current prices, expressed in billions of US dollars (market exchange rate). The standard cross-country measure of "size of the economy" in a common currency.
1,772USD bn
2025
Source: IMF· Data 2025
Upd. 05/2025 · Y-axis truncated
ExploreSource
Economy & public finances

Australia — GDP per capita

National output (GDP) divided by population; a rough proxy for average living standards. Shown in the source's unit: euros (Eurostat, Destatis), international dollars at purchasing-power parity (IMF) or US dollars (BEA, World Bank).
64.6KUSD
2024
Source: World Bank· Data 2024
Upd. 10/2026 · Y-axis truncated
ExploreSource
Economy & public finances

Australia — Public spending

Total government spending relative to GDP; gauges the weight of the state in the economy.
27.6% GDP
2022
Source: World Bank· Data 2022
Upd. 10/2026 · Y-axis truncated
ExploreSource
Economy & public finances

Australia — Mandatory levies

Taxes and social contributions collected, as % of GDP; measures the overall tax burden.
23.6% GDP
2022
Source: World Bank· Data 2022
Upd. 10/2026 · Y-axis truncated
ExploreSource
Economy & public finances

Australia — Current account balance

Balance of current transactions with abroad (goods, services, income), as % of GDP; positive means the country lends to the world.
-3.1% GDP
2025
Source: IMF· Data 2025
Upd. 05/2025
ExploreSource
Economy & public finances

Australia — International reserves

Total reserve assets held by the central bank (gold, FX, SDRs, IMF position). Signals the country's ability to meet external obligations.
60,403M USD
2024
Frequency
Source: IMF· Data 2024
Upd. 08/2025 · Y-axis truncated
ExploreSource
Purchasing power & prices

Australia — Inflation (CPI)

Primary KPI: one of the key indicators tracked first for this country.Average annual rise in consumer prices (CPI); 2% is the common target, above it purchasing power erodes.
2.9%
2025
Source: OECD· Data 2025
Upd. 06/2026
ExploreSource
Labour market

Australia — Unemployment rate (ILO)

Primary KPI: one of the key indicators tracked first for this country.Share of the labour force without a job and seeking one, per the ILO definition; lower is better.
4.6%
Q3 2026
Frequency
Source: Australian Bureau of Statistics· Data Q3 2026
Y-axis truncated
ExploreSource
Labour market

Australia — Youth unemployment (15-24)

Unemployment rate for ages 15-24; usually higher than average, it reveals young people's entry difficulties.
10.8%
Q3 2026
Frequency
Source: Australian Bureau of Statistics· Data Q3 2026
Y-axis truncated
ExploreSource
Labour market

Australia — Employment rate (15-64)

Share of people aged 15-64 who are employed; measures how well the economy puts working-age people to work.
76.9%
Q3 2026
Frequency
Source: Australian Bureau of Statistics· Data Q3 2026
Y-axis truncated
ExploreSource
Labour market

Australia — Senior employment rate (55-64)

Share of people aged 55-64 in work; measures how well older workers stay employed, a key pension-reform issue.
67.6%
Q3 2026
Frequency
Source: Australian Bureau of Statistics· Data Q3 2026
Y-axis truncated
ExploreSource
Labour market

Australia — Activity rate

Share of people aged 15-64 in the labour market (employed or seeking work); measures engagement in working life.
80.7%
Q3 2026
Frequency
Source: Australian Bureau of Statistics· Data Q3 2026
Y-axis truncated
ExploreSource
Health

Australia — Life expectancy

Primary KPI: one of the key indicators tracked first for this country.Average number of years a newborn can expect to live under current mortality conditions.
83.05years
2024
Source: World Bank· Data 2024
Upd. 10/2026 · Y-axis truncated
ExploreSource
Health

Australia — Infant mortality

Deaths of children before age 1 per 1,000 live births; a key indicator of a country's health.
3.1per 1,000
2024
Source: World Bank· Data 2024
Upd. 10/2026 · Y-axis truncated
ExploreSource
Health

Australia — Physician density

Number of physicians per 1,000 inhabitants; a low level signals medical deserts.
4.09per 1,000
2022
Source: World Bank· Data 2022
Upd. 10/2026 · Y-axis truncated
ExploreSource
Health

Australia — Health expenditure

Current health spending as % of GDP; measures resources devoted to the healthcare system.
10.3% GDP
2024
Source: OECD· Data 2024
Upd. 11/2025 · Y-axis truncated
ExploreSource
Health

Australia — Vaccination coverage

Share of the population properly vaccinated; a high rate protects the community.
93%
2024
Source: World Bank· Data 2024
Upd. 10/2026 · Y-axis truncated
ExploreSource
Health

Australia — Preventable mortality

Deaths that could have been avoided through prevention or care, per 100,000; lower is better.
99per 100k
2023
Source: OECD· Data 2023
Y-axis truncated
ExploreSource
Health

Australia — Health spending per capita

Current health spending per capita, in US dollars. Measures what a country devotes on average per person to the healthcare system.
7KUSD
2023
Source: World Bank· Data 2023
Upd. 10/2026 · Y-axis truncated
ExploreSource
Health

Australia — Hospital beds

Number of hospital beds per 1,000 inhabitants; measures hospital capacity.
3.82per 1,000
2016
Source: World Bank· Data 2016
Upd. 10/2026 · Y-axis truncated
ExploreSource
Security & crime

Australia — Homicides

Primary KPI: one of the key indicators tracked first for this country.Homicides per 100,000 inhabitants; the most reliable violence indicator as it is best recorded.
0.85per 100k
2023
Source: World Bank· Data 2023
Upd. 10/2026 · Y-axis truncated
ExploreSource
Immigration & integration

Australia — Net migration

Difference between people entering and leaving the territory; positive means more arrivals than departures.
138.5K​
2024
Source: World Bank· Data 2024
Upd. 10/2026
ExploreSource
Housing

Australia — Property price index

Primary KPI: one of the key indicators tracked first for this country.House price index (Notaires-INSEE); tracks property prices, base 100 at a reference year.
133index
2024
Frequency
Source: BIS· Data 2024
Upd. 06/2025 · Y-axis truncated
ExploreSource
Housing

Australia — Household credit

Outstanding credit to households as % of GDP. Measures structural household leverage.
112.1% GDP
2024
Frequency
Source: BIS· Data 2024
Upd. 06/2025 · Y-axis truncated
ExploreSource
Education & training

Australia — PISA scores

Primary KPI: one of the key indicators tracked first for this country.Average pupil score on the international PISA tests (reading, maths, science); allows education systems to be compared.
491score
2018
Source: World Bank· Data 2018
Upd. 06/2024
ExploreSource
Education & training

Australia — Tertiary attainment (25-34)

Share of 25-34 year-olds with a tertiary degree; measures the qualification level of the young generation.
36.8%
2024
Source: World Bank· Data 2024
Upd. 10/2026 · Y-axis truncated
ExploreSource
Education & training

Australia — Education expenditure

Total spending on education as % of GDP; measures the national effort for schools and universities.
5.1% GDP
2022
Source: World Bank· Data 2022
Upd. 10/2026 · Y-axis truncated
ExploreSource
Education & training

Australia — Education Spending

Public spending on education
5.1% GDP
2022
Source: World Bank· Data 2022
Upd. 10/2026 · Y-axis truncated
ExploreSource
Education & training

Australia — Spending per student

Average spending per pupil or student, in euros; measures resources allocated per learner.
15.7KEUR
2022
Source: OECD· Data 2022
Y-axis truncated
ExploreSource
Education & training

Australia — Tertiary enrolment

Number of students enrolled in higher education; tracks the expansion of universities.
108​
2024
Source: World Bank· Data 2024
Upd. 10/2026 · Y-axis truncated
ExploreSource
Environment, energy & climate

Australia — GHG emissions

Primary KPI: one of the key indicators tracked first for this country.Total greenhouse-gas emissions, in million tonnes of CO2 equivalent; cutting it is the climate goal.
591MtCO2e
2024
Source: World Bank· Data 2024
Upd. 10/2026 · Y-axis truncated
ExploreSource
Environment, energy & climate

Australia — Renewable energy share

Share of renewables in energy consumption; the higher, the more decarbonised the mix.
12.3%
2021
Source: World Bank· Data 2021
Upd. 10/2026 · Y-axis truncated
ExploreSource
Environment, energy & climate

Australia — Air quality (PM2.5)

Average concentration of fine PM2.5 particles in the air; above WHO thresholds, health is at risk.
6.41µg/m3
2023
Source: World Bank· Data 2023
Upd. 10/2026 · Y-axis truncated
ExploreSource
Environment, energy & climate

Australia — Forest cover

Share of land covered by forest; a carbon sink and a biodiversity marker.
17.4%
2024
Source: World Bank· Data 2024
Upd. 10/2026 · Y-axis truncated
ExploreSource
Social cohesion, poverty & inequality

Australia — Gini index

Measure of income inequality from 0 (perfect equality) to 1; the lower the index, the more equal the society.
33.8index
2020
Source: World Bank· Data 2020
Upd. 10/2026 · Y-axis truncated
ExploreSource
Social cohesion, poverty & inequality

Australia — Household over-indebtedness

Number of over-indebtedness filings; signals households' financial fragility.
17.4​
2024
Frequency
Source: BIS· Data 2024
Upd. 06/2025 · Y-axis truncated
ExploreSource
Transport & mobility

Australia — Road mortality

Primary KPI: one of the key indicators tracked first for this country.Number of people killed on the roads; the main road-safety indicator.
4.9​
2019
Source: World Bank· Data 2019
Upd. 04/2026 · Y-axis truncated
ExploreSource
Defense

Australia — Defense spending

Primary KPI: one of the key indicators tracked first for this country.Military spending as % of GDP; measures the national defense effort.
1.9% GDP
2024
Source: World Bank· Data 2024
Upd. 10/2026 · Y-axis truncated
ExploreSource
Defense

Australia — Military spending (USD)

Military spending in current USD; enables volume comparison.
34.2BUSD
2024
Source: World Bank· Data 2024
Upd. 10/2026 · Y-axis truncated
ExploreSource
Defense

Australia — Armed forces at a glance

58,000​
Active personnel · 2024· ≈ order of magnitude
  • ≈33,000
    Reserves
  • ≈59
    Main battle tanks
  • ≈1,100
    Armoured vehicles
Source: IISS Military Balance 2024 · SIPRI· Data 2024
approximate values
Explore
Defense

Australia — Active military personnel

Number of active-duty military personnel; reflects the size of the armed forces.
60K​
2020
Source: World Bank· Data 2020
Upd. 10/2026 · Y-axis truncated
ExploreSource
Defense

Australia — Arms exports

Value of arms transfers exported; indicates weight in the global defense industry.
73MUSD
2024
Source: World Bank· Data 2024
Upd. 10/2026
ExploreSource
Defense

Australia — Defense spending — % of government expenditure

Military expenditure as a share of total general government expenditure.
4.9%
2024
Source: World Bank· Data 2024
Upd. 10/2026 · Y-axis truncated
ExploreSource
Defense

Australia — Arms imports

Value of arms transfers imported; indicates dependence on external suppliers.
1.1BUSD
2024
Source: World Bank· Data 2024
Upd. 10/2026
ExploreSource
Defense

Australia — Military personnel (% labour force)

Share of military personnel in the labour force.
0.4%
2020
Source: World Bank· Data 2020
Upd. 10/2026 · Y-axis truncated
ExploreSource
Defense

Australia — Defense spending — local currency (EUR)

Military expenditure in current local currency units (EUR) — domestic-budget view.
51.9BEUR
2024
Source: World Bank· Data 2024
Upd. 10/2026 · Y-axis truncated
ExploreSource
Institutional trust

Australia — Leader approval

36%net -24
Anthony Albanese · Premier ministre
Source: Newspoll (The Australian)· Data 2026-06
Satisfaction · in office since May 2022
ExploreSource
Institutional trust

Australia — Trust in national government

Primary KPI: one of the key indicators tracked first for this country.Share of the population reporting trust in the national government.
46.2%
2023
Source: OECD· Data 2023
Y-axis truncated
ExploreSource
Institutional trust

Australia — Trust in parliament

Share of the population reporting trust in parliament.
43.2%
2023
Source: OECD· Data 2023
Y-axis truncated
ExploreSource
Institutional trust

Australia — Trust in the justice system

Share of the population reporting trust in the justice system.
58.6%
2023
Source: OECD· Data 2023
Y-axis truncated
ExploreSource
Institutional trust

Australia — Trust in local government

Share of the population reporting trust in local government.
50.8%
2023
Source: OECD· Data 2023
Y-axis truncated
ExploreSource
Demography

Australia — Population by age band

Population by age band (0-19, 20-59, 60-74, 75 and over). France: Insee, population of Metropolitan France on 1 January, since 1946. Other countries and the European Union: OECD historical population data (annual estimates), since 1950 at the earliest.· Annual population estimates compiled by the OECD (historical population data, both sexes). The four bands are sums of the OECD five-year age groups (0-19 = 0-4 to 15-19; 75 and over = 75-79, 80-84 and 85 and over). Same bands as the France card, but France uses Insee estimates on 1 January: levels are not strictly comparable from one country to another. When the OECD series changes basis (one band moving by more than 15 % in a year, e.g. a new census), the card starts on the new basis.· Licence : OECD terms and conditions — source: OECD, Historical population data
75 and over60-74 years20-59 years0-19 years
Source: OECD· Data 2025Source type : Official
OECD, annual population
ExploreSource
Demography

Australia — Population by age band (share)

Population by age band (0-19, 20-59, 60-74, 75 and over). France: Insee, population of Metropolitan France on 1 January, since 1946. Other countries and the European Union: OECD historical population data (annual estimates), since 1950 at the earliest.· Annual population estimates compiled by the OECD (historical population data, both sexes). The four bands are sums of the OECD five-year age groups (0-19 = 0-4 to 15-19; 75 and over = 75-79, 80-84 and 85 and over). Same bands as the France card, but France uses Insee estimates on 1 January: levels are not strictly comparable from one country to another. When the OECD series changes basis (one band moving by more than 15 % in a year, e.g. a new census), the card starts on the new basis.· Licence : OECD terms and conditions — source: OECD, Historical population data
75 and over60-74 years20-59 years0-19 years
Source: OECD· Data 2025Source type : Official
OECD, annual population
ExploreSource