Citoyen
  • Home
  • Countries
  • Comparison
  • Categories
  • Sources
  • Synthesis notes
  • About
  • Home
  • Countries
  • Search
  • Saved

United Kingdom

Compare with…

Fresh data

Updated on Aug 5, 2026

Defense★ Primary KPI

United Kingdom — Defense spending

Military spending as % of GDP; measures the national defense effort.
2.3 % GDP
2024
Source: World Bank· 2026
ExploreSource

Updated on Aug 5, 2026

Economy & public finances

United Kingdom — Current account balance

Balance of current transactions with abroad (goods, services, income), as % of GDP; positive means the country lends to the world.
-3.7 % GDP
2025
Source: IMF· 2025
ExploreSource

Updated on Aug 5, 2026

Economy & public finances

United Kingdom — Budget Balance / GDP

Government revenue minus spending over a year, as % of GDP; negative is a deficit, positive a surplus.
-4.4 % GDP
2025
Source: IMF· 2025
ExploreSource

Updated on Aug 4, 2026

Defense

United Kingdom — Arms imports

Value of arms transfers imported; indicates dependence on external suppliers.
643M USD
2024
Source: World Bank· 2026
ExploreSource

Updated on Aug 4, 2026

Social cohesion, poverty & inequality

United Kingdom — Gini index

Measure of income inequality from 0 (perfect equality) to 1; the lower the index, the more equal the society.
33.5 index
2018
Source: Eurostat· 2026
ExploreSource

Updated on Aug 4, 2026

Environment, energy & climate★ Primary KPI

United Kingdom — GHG emissions

Total greenhouse-gas emissions, in million tonnes of CO2 equivalent; cutting it is the climate goal.
387 MtCO2e
2024
Source: World Bank· 2026
ExploreSource

Updated on Aug 4, 2026

Economy & public finances★ Primary KPI

United Kingdom — GDP Growth

Change in real GDP from one period to the next; positive means the economy grows, negative that it shrinks.
1.4 %
2025
Source: OECD· 2026
ExploreSource

Updated on Aug 3, 2026

Defense

United Kingdom — Active military personnel

Number of active-duty military personnel; reflects the size of the armed forces.
153K
2020
Source: World Bank· 2026
ExploreSource

Updated on Aug 3, 2026

Environment, energy & climate

United Kingdom — Air quality (PM2.5)

Average concentration of fine PM2.5 particles in the air; above WHO thresholds, health is at risk.
9.46 µg/m3
2023
Source: World Bank· 2026
ExploreSource

Updated on Aug 3, 2026

Labour market

United Kingdom — Activity rate

Share of people aged 15-64 in the labour market (employed or seeking work); measures engagement in working life.
61.6 %
2024
Source: World Bank· 2026
ExploreSource

Updated on Aug 2, 2026

Health

United Kingdom — Health expenditure

Current health spending as % of GDP; measures resources devoted to the healthcare system.
11.1 % GDP
2024
Source: OECD· 2025
ExploreSource

Updated on Aug 1, 2026

Defense

United Kingdom — Defense spending — local currency (EUR)

Military expenditure in current local currency units (EUR) — domestic-budget view.
64B EUR
2024
Source: World Bank· 2026
ExploreSource

Economy & public finances

Read the summary

Labour market

Read the summary

Defense

Read the summary

Environment, energy & climate

Read the summary

Purchasing power & prices

Read the summary

Immigration & integration

Read the summary

Education & training

Read the summary

Health

Read the summary

Security & crime

Read the summary

Housing

Read the summary

Transport & mobility

Read the summary

Institutional trust

Read the summary

Social cohesion, poverty & inequality

Read the summary
Economy & public finances★ Primary KPI

United Kingdom — GDP Growth

Change in real GDP from one period to the next; positive means the economy grows, negative that it shrinks.
1.4 %
2025
Source: OECD· 2026
ExploreSource
Economy & public finances

United Kingdom — GDP

Gross domestic product at current prices, expressed in billions of US dollars (market exchange rate). The standard cross-country measure of "size of the economy" in a common currency.
3,839 USD bn
2025
Source: IMF· 2025
ExploreSource
Economy & public finances

United Kingdom — Public debt

Total government debt as a share of GDP; the lower the ratio, the more sustainable the debt.
103.9 % GDP
2025
Source: IMF· 2025
ExploreSource
Economy & public finances

United Kingdom — Budget Balance / GDP

Government revenue minus spending over a year, as % of GDP; negative is a deficit, positive a surplus.
-4.4 % GDP
2025
Source: IMF· 2025
ExploreSource
Economy & public finances

United Kingdom — Public spending

Total government spending relative to GDP; gauges the weight of the state in the economy.
41.2 % GDP
2023
Source: World Bank· 2026
ExploreSource
Economy & public finances

United Kingdom — Public budget by function

% of total public expenditure

  • Social protection
    32.9%
  • Health
    18.6%
  • General services
    13.6%
  • Economic affairs
    10.5%
  • Education
    10.3%
  • Defense
    4.8%
  • Public order & safety
    4.6%
  • Housing & community amenities
    2.0%
Source: IMF · GFS (COFOG) · 2023
ExploreSource
Economy & public finances

United Kingdom — GDP per capita

National output (GDP) divided by population; a rough proxy for average living standards, in dollars.
37.8K USD
2019
Source: Eurostat· 2026
ExploreSource
Economy & public finances

United Kingdom — Hourly labour cost

Average compensation of employees per hour worked — the level used in EU cost-competitiveness comparisons.
27.2 EUR/hour
2019
Source: CEPREMAP· 2026
ExploreSource
Economy & public finances

United Kingdom — Mandatory levies

Taxes and social contributions collected, as % of GDP; measures the overall tax burden.
26.9 % GDP
2024
Source: World Bank· 2026
ExploreSource
Economy & public finances

United Kingdom — Current account balance

Balance of current transactions with abroad (goods, services, income), as % of GDP; positive means the country lends to the world.
-3.7 % GDP
2025
Source: IMF· 2025
ExploreSource
Economy & public finances

United Kingdom — Household saving rate

Gross saving rate of households — share of disposable income not consumed.
17.4 %
2020
Source: CEPREMAP· 2026
ExploreSource
Economy & public finances

United Kingdom — NFC profit share

Gross profit share of non-financial corporations (B2G_B3G / B1G) — wage/profit split debate centre.
35 %
2020
Source: CEPREMAP· 2026
ExploreSource
Economy & public finances

United Kingdom — NFC investment rate

Gross investment rate of non-financial corporations (P51G / B1G) — supply-side health check.
17.3 %
2020
Source: CEPREMAP· 2026
ExploreSource
Economy & public finances

United Kingdom — R&D intensity

Total R&D expenditure as % of GDP — knowledge-economy headline; 3% Lisbon reference target.
1.8 % GDP
2019
Source: CEPREMAP· 2026
ExploreSource
Economy & public finances

United Kingdom — 10-year sovereign bond yield

Monthly average yield on the 10-year EMU convergence benchmark bond — sovereign borrowing-cost barometer.
4.61 %/yr
2025
Source: CEPREMAP· 2026
ExploreSource
Economy & public finances

United Kingdom — International reserves

Total reserve assets held by the central bank (gold, FX, SDRs, IMF position). Signals the country's ability to meet external obligations.
195,745 M USD
2025
Source: IMF· 2025
ExploreSource
Economy & public finances

United Kingdom — Social protection

Pensions, unemployment, family, sickness, social exclusion benefits (share of total public expenditure — typically the largest line item).
32.9 %
of total public expenditure
2023
Source: CEPREMAP· 2026
ExploreSource
Economy & public finances

United Kingdom — Health

Public hospitals, outpatient care, pharmaceuticals, public health (share of total public expenditure — distinct concept from total health expenditure % GDP which includes private spending).
18.6 %
of total public expenditure
2023
Source: CEPREMAP· 2026
ExploreSource
Economy & public finances

United Kingdom — Education

Primary, secondary, tertiary education, research and training (share of total public expenditure — distinct concept from education spending % GDP).
10.3 %
of total public expenditure
2023
Source: CEPREMAP· 2026
ExploreSource
Economy & public finances

United Kingdom — General services

Operating costs of government bodies, legislative organs, external aid, and public debt servicing (share of total public expenditure).
13.6 %
of total public expenditure
2023
Source: CEPREMAP· 2026
ExploreSource
Economy & public finances

United Kingdom — Defense

Military and civil defense expenditure (share of total public expenditure, Eurostat COFOG source — distinct concept from SIPRI % GDP).
4.8 %
of total public expenditure
2023
Source: CEPREMAP· 2026
ExploreSource
Economy & public finances

United Kingdom — Public order & safety

Police, courts, prisons, and fire services (share of total public expenditure).
4.6 %
of total public expenditure
2023
Source: CEPREMAP· 2026
ExploreSource
Economy & public finances

United Kingdom — Economic affairs

Sectoral subsidies, transport, energy, communications, economic R&D (share of total public expenditure).
10.5 %
of total public expenditure
2023
Source: CEPREMAP· 2026
ExploreSource
Economy & public finances

United Kingdom — Environmental protection

Waste management, water, biodiversity, pollution control (share of total public expenditure).
1.5 %
of total public expenditure
2023
Source: CEPREMAP· 2026
ExploreSource
Economy & public finances

United Kingdom — Housing & community amenities

Social housing, urban planning, water supply, street lighting (share of total public expenditure).
2 %
of total public expenditure
2023
Source: CEPREMAP· 2026
ExploreSource
Economy & public finances

United Kingdom — Recreation, culture & religion

Sport, culture, public media, support for religion (share of total public expenditure).
1.3 %
of total public expenditure
2023
Source: CEPREMAP· 2026
ExploreSource
Labour market★ Primary KPI

United Kingdom — Unemployment Rate

Share of the labour force without a job and seeking one, per the ILO definition; lower is better.
4.8 %
2025
Source: OECD· 2026
ExploreSource
Labour market

United Kingdom — Youth Unemployment

Unemployment rate for ages 15-24; usually higher than average, it reveals young people's entry difficulties.
13.9 %
2025
Source: ILO· 2023
ExploreSource
Labour market

United Kingdom — Employment Rate

Share of people aged 15-64 who are employed; measures how well the economy puts working-age people to work.
59.1 %
2025
Source: ILO· 2023
ExploreSource
Labour market

United Kingdom — Activity rate

Share of people aged 15-64 in the labour market (employed or seeking work); measures engagement in working life.
61.6 %
2024
Source: World Bank· 2026
ExploreSource
Labour market

United Kingdom — Hours worked

Mean weekly hours actually worked per employed person. Measures work intensity.
30.74 hrs/week
2024
Source: ILO· 2023
ExploreSource
Labour market

United Kingdom — Job vacancies / tightness

Index of unfilled jobs and recruitment tightness; a high level signals hiring difficulties.
1.7 index
2020
Source: Eurostat· 2026
ExploreSource
Labour market

United Kingdom — Labour force participation rate

Share of the working-age population (15+) that is either employed or actively seeking work. Measures labour-market engagement.
62.3 %
2025
Source: ILO· 2023
ExploreSource
Defense★ Primary KPI

United Kingdom — Defense spending

Military spending as % of GDP; measures the national defense effort.
2.3 % GDP
2024
Source: World Bank· 2026
ExploreSource
Defense

United Kingdom — Defense spending — % of government expenditure

Military expenditure as a share of total general government expenditure.
5.3 %
2024
Source: World Bank· 2026
ExploreSource
Defense

United Kingdom — Armed forces at a glance

147,000
Active personnel· 2024
Personnel
  • ≈147,000
    Active personnel
  • ≈30,000
    Reserves
Land
  • ≈213
    Main battle tanks
  • ≈3,000
    Armoured vehicles
  • ≈130
    Artillery pieces
Source: IISS Military Balance 2024 · UK MoD · FAS/SIPRI· 2024
Explore
Defense

United Kingdom — Military spending (USD)

Military spending in current USD; enables volume comparison.
81.8B USD
2024
Source: World Bank· 2026
ExploreSource
Defense

United Kingdom — Active military personnel

Number of active-duty military personnel; reflects the size of the armed forces.
153K
2020
Source: World Bank· 2026
ExploreSource
Defense

United Kingdom — Arms exports

Value of arms transfers exported; indicates weight in the global defense industry.
756M USD
2024
Source: World Bank· 2026
ExploreSource
Defense

United Kingdom — Arms imports

Value of arms transfers imported; indicates dependence on external suppliers.
643M USD
2024
Source: World Bank· 2026
ExploreSource
Defense

United Kingdom — Military personnel (% labour force)

Share of military personnel in the labour force.
0.4 %
2020
Source: World Bank· 2026
ExploreSource
Defense

United Kingdom — Defense spending — local currency (EUR)

Military expenditure in current local currency units (EUR) — domestic-budget view.
64B EUR
2024
Source: World Bank· 2026
ExploreSource
Environment, energy & climate★ Primary KPI

United Kingdom — GHG emissions

Total greenhouse-gas emissions, in million tonnes of CO2 equivalent; cutting it is the climate goal.
387 MtCO2e
2024
Source: World Bank· 2026
ExploreSource
Environment, energy & climate

United Kingdom — Electricity production by source

284 TWh· 2024
Total production
  • Other
  • Solar PV
  • Wind
  • Hydro
  • Oil
  • Natural gas
  • Coal
  • Nuclear

Electricity generation by source (not primary energy). Physical balance in TWh.

Source: Ember — Yearly Electricity Data· 2024
ExploreSource
Environment, energy & climate

United Kingdom — Renewable energy share

Share of renewables in energy consumption; the higher, the more decarbonised the mix.
12.2 %
2021
Source: World Bank· 2026
ExploreSource
Environment, energy & climate

United Kingdom — Air quality (PM2.5)

Average concentration of fine PM2.5 particles in the air; above WHO thresholds, health is at risk.
9.46 µg/m3
2023
Source: World Bank· 2026
ExploreSource
Environment, energy & climate

United Kingdom — Forest cover

Share of land covered by forest; a carbon sink and a biodiversity marker.
13.3 %
2023
Source: World Bank· 2026
ExploreSource
Purchasing power & prices★ Primary KPI

United Kingdom — Inflation (CPI)

Average annual rise in consumer prices (CPI); 2% is the common target, above it purchasing power erodes.
3.9 %
2025
Source: OECD· 2026
ExploreSource
Purchasing power & prices

United Kingdom — Minimum wage (SMIC)

Level of the statutory minimum wage; the legal pay floor, in euros.
1.6K EUR
2020-S2
Source: Eurostat· 2026
ExploreSource
Purchasing power & prices

United Kingdom — Household purchasing power

Change in households' purchasing power per consumption unit; what income can actually buy once prices are factored in.
1.3 %
2019
Source: Eurostat· 2026
ExploreSource
Purchasing power & prices

United Kingdom — Household savings rate

Share of disposable income households save rather than spend, in %; reflects caution and confidence.
6.5 %
2019
Source: Eurostat· 2026
ExploreSource
Immigration & integration★ Primary KPI

United Kingdom — Residence permits issued

Number of first residence permits issued, by reason (work, study, asylum, family).
450.8K
2018
Source: Eurostat· 2026
ExploreSource
Immigration & integration

United Kingdom — Naturalisations

Number of people who acquired the country's nationality during the year.
159.3K
2019
Source: Eurostat· 2025
ExploreSource
Immigration & integration

United Kingdom — Net migration

Difference between people entering and leaving the territory; positive means more arrivals than departures.
417.1K
2024
Source: World Bank· 2026
ExploreSource
Immigration & integration

United Kingdom — Asylum applications

Number of asylum applications filed, and the share granted protection.
44.3K
2019
Source: Eurostat· 2026
ExploreSource
Immigration & integration

United Kingdom — Immigrant employment rate

Employment rate of the immigrant population; compared with the average, it gauges economic integration.
78.5 %
2019
Source: Eurostat· 2026
ExploreSource
Immigration & integration

United Kingdom — Removals / OQTF

Number of removal orders carried out; measures enforcement of removal policy.
20K
2019
Source: Eurostat· 2026
ExploreSource
Immigration & integration

United Kingdom — Family reunification

Number of admissions under family reunification.
100.5K
2018
Source: Eurostat· 2026
ExploreSource
Education & training★ Primary KPI

United Kingdom — Education expenditure

Total spending on education as % of GDP; measures the national effort for schools and universities.
5.9 % GDP
2021
Source: World Bank· 2026
ExploreSource
Education & training★ Primary KPI

United Kingdom — Education Spending

Public spending on education
5.9 % GDP
2021
Source: World Bank· 2026
ExploreSource
Education & training

United Kingdom — Student/Teacher Ratio

Primary school student–teacher ratio
15.13 ratio
2017
Source: World Bank· 2026
ExploreSource
Education & training

United Kingdom — Tertiary Attainment

Share of 25-34 year-olds with a tertiary degree; measures the qualification level of the young generation.
49.4 %
2019
Source: Eurostat· 2026
ExploreSource
Education & training

United Kingdom — Early school leaving

Share of 18-24 year-olds who left school without an upper-secondary qualification; lower is better.
10.9 %
2019
Source: Eurostat· 2026
ExploreSource
Education & training

United Kingdom — PISA scores

Average pupil score on the international PISA tests (reading, maths, science); allows education systems to be compared.
502 score
2018
Source: World Bank· 2024
ExploreSource
Education & training

United Kingdom — Student-teacher ratio

Average number of pupils per teacher; a lower ratio means better supervision.
15.13 ratio
2017
Source: World Bank· 2026
ExploreSource
Education & training

United Kingdom — Tertiary enrolment

Number of students enrolled in higher education; tracks the expansion of universities.
80.41
2023
Source: World Bank· 2026
ExploreSource
Education & training

United Kingdom — Graduate employment

Share of graduates employed soon after leaving education; measures entry into the job market.
85.8 %
2019
Source: Eurostat· 2026
ExploreSource
Education & training

United Kingdom — Spending per student

Average spending per pupil or student, in euros; measures resources allocated per learner.
12.8K EUR
2021
Source: Eurostat· 2025
ExploreSource
Health

United Kingdom — Health expenditure

Current health spending as % of GDP; measures resources devoted to the healthcare system.
11.1 % GDP
2024
Source: OECD· 2025
ExploreSource
Health

United Kingdom — Health spending per capita

Current health spending per capita, in US dollars. Measures what a country devotes on average per person to the healthcare system.
5.9K USD
2024
Source: World Bank· 2026
ExploreSource
Health★ Primary KPI

United Kingdom — Life expectancy

Average number of years a newborn can expect to live under current mortality conditions.
81.3 years
2018
Source: Eurostat· 2026
ExploreSource
Health

United Kingdom — Healthy life expectancy

Years of life expected without major disability; measures quality, not just length, of life.
61.2 years
2018
Source: Eurostat· 2025
ExploreSource
Health

United Kingdom — Infant mortality

Deaths of children before age 1 per 1,000 live births; a key indicator of a country's health.
4.1 per 1,000
2024
Source: World Bank· 2026
ExploreSource
Health

United Kingdom — Physician density

Number of physicians per 1,000 inhabitants; a low level signals medical deserts.
3.3 per 1,000
2023
Source: World Bank· 2026
ExploreSource
Health

United Kingdom — Vaccination coverage

Share of the population properly vaccinated; a high rate protects the community.
92 %
2024
Source: World Bank· 2026
ExploreSource
Health

United Kingdom — Preventable mortality

Deaths that could have been avoided through prevention or care, per 100,000; lower is better.
156 per 100k
2021
Source: OECD
ExploreSource
Health

United Kingdom — Hospital beds

Number of hospital beds per 1,000 inhabitants; measures hospital capacity.
2.42 per 1,000
2022
Source: World Bank· 2026
ExploreSource
Security & crime★ Primary KPI

United Kingdom — Homicide Rate

Homicides per 100,000 inhabitants; the most reliable violence indicator as it is best recorded.
1.12 per 100k
2021
Source: World Bank· 2026
ExploreSource
Housing★ Primary KPI

United Kingdom — Property price index

House price index (Notaires-INSEE); tracks property prices, base 100 at a reference year.
113 index
2025
Source: CEPREMAP· 2025
ExploreSource
Housing

United Kingdom — Housing cost burden

Share of income households spend on housing (rent or loan plus costs); above 40% is considered overburden.
25.1 %
2018
Source: Eurostat· 2026
ExploreSource
Housing

United Kingdom — Home ownership rate

Share of households owning their home; a marker of wealth and residential stability.
65.2 %
2018
Source: Eurostat· 2026
ExploreSource
Housing

United Kingdom — Overcrowding

Share of overcrowded dwellings (too many people per room); an indicator of inadequate housing.
4.8 %
2018
Source: Eurostat· 2026
ExploreSource
Housing

United Kingdom — Household credit

Outstanding credit to households as % of GDP. Measures structural household leverage.
76.3 % GDP
2024
Source: BIS· 2025
ExploreSource
Transport & mobility★ Primary KPI

United Kingdom — Road Mortality

Number of people killed on the roads; the main road-safety indicator.
3.2
2019
Source: World Bank· 2026
ExploreSource
Institutional trust

United Kingdom — Leader approval

Keir Starmer · Premier ministre· in office since July 2024

16 %net -60
Satisfaction· Ipsos Political Monitor· 2026-05
Source: Ipsos Political Monitor· 2026-05
ExploreSource
Institutional trust★ Primary KPI

United Kingdom — Trust in national government

Share of the population reporting trust in the national government.
26.7 %
2023
Source: OECD
ExploreSource
Institutional trust

United Kingdom — Trust in parliament

Share of the population reporting trust in parliament.
24 %
2023
Source: OECD
ExploreSource
Institutional trust

United Kingdom — Trust in the justice system

Share of the population reporting trust in the justice system.
62.2 %
2023
Source: OECD
ExploreSource
Institutional trust

United Kingdom — Trust in local government

Share of the population reporting trust in local government.
34.5 %
2023
Source: OECD
ExploreSource
Social cohesion, poverty & inequality★ Primary KPI

United Kingdom — Poverty rate

Share of the population below the poverty line (60% of median income); lower is better.
18.6 %
2018
Source: Eurostat· 2026
ExploreSource
Social cohesion, poverty & inequality

United Kingdom — Median living standard

Income level splitting the population in two halves, in euros per year; the middle income, less skewed than the average.
21.5K EUR
2018
Source: Eurostat· 2026
ExploreSource
Social cohesion, poverty & inequality

United Kingdom — Gini index

Measure of income inequality from 0 (perfect equality) to 1; the lower the index, the more equal the society.
33.5 index
2018
Source: Eurostat· 2026
ExploreSource
Social cohesion, poverty & inequality

United Kingdom — Poverty intensity

Gap between poor people's income and the poverty line; measures the depth, not the number, of poverty.
23 %
2018
Source: Eurostat· 2026
ExploreSource
Social cohesion, poverty & inequality

United Kingdom — Material deprivation

Share of people lacking essential goods or services (heating, meals, emergencies); concrete poverty, beyond income alone.
9.9 %
2018
Source: Eurostat· 2026
ExploreSource
Social cohesion, poverty & inequality

United Kingdom — Child poverty

Share of children below the poverty line; a closely watched indicator as it drives lasting inequality.
23.5 %
2018
Source: Eurostat· 2026
ExploreSource
Social cohesion, poverty & inequality

United Kingdom — Gender income gap

Average income gap between women and men, in %; measures gender economic inequality.
19.8 %
2018
Source: Eurostat· 2025
ExploreSource
Social cohesion, poverty & inequality

United Kingdom — Household over-indebtedness

Number of over-indebtedness filings; signals households' financial fragility.
8.9
2024
Source: BIS· 2025
ExploreSource