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  1. South Africa
  2. ›
  3. Economy & public finances

Load-shedding: Eskom and the electricity crisis

Rolling power cuts, « load-shedding », returned during the campaign for the 2026 local elections. Stagnant generation, coal still dominant, solar growing fast: what the series say about South African electricity.

Citoyen·Data as of Nov 12, 2026

Scope: South Africa, electricity generation by source and demand (Ember, yearly since 2000, monthly since 2018), real value added of electricity, gas and water (national accounts, South African Reserve Bank), access to electricity (World Bank).

This dossier is updated at least once a quarter with the new figures. Follow it to get a notification at each update.

Key points

Share of coal in generation81%2025, against 33% in the world
Electricity generation below its peak8%243 TWh in 2025, against 263 TWh in 2007
Solar and wind electricity30.8 TWh2025, against 5.5 TWh in 2015
Fall in consumption per person29%3,658 kWh in 2025, against 5,152 kWh in 2007
  • Generation no longer grows. South Africa generated 243 TWh of electricity in 2025, 8% less than in 2007 (263 TWh), while its population grew 28% over the period.
  • Coal remains dominant. It supplies 81% of electricity in 2025, against 93% in 2000 and 33% on average in the world. Over the latest twelve months (Sep. 2025 – Aug. 2026) the share is 79.5%.
  • Solar and wind take off. They generate 30.8 TWh in 2025, about 6 times more than in 2015. All renewables together reach a share of 13.6%, against 2.6% in 2015.
  • Less electricity per person. Demand divided by the population is 3,658 kWh in 2025, 29% less than in 2007. Real value added of electricity, gas and water is 24% below its Q4 2007 peak.
  • Broad but incomplete access. 90% of the population has access to electricity in 2024, against 92% in the world and 55% in sub-Saharan Africa.
How to read these figures

Generation and demand come from Ember, a research centre that compiles national and international electricity statistics (CC BY 4.0 licence). Generation covers the plants of Eskom, the state utility, and independent producers; rooftop solar not passing through the grid is estimated and may be under-counted. Demand is generation plus net imports; divided by the population (World Bank), it gives consumption per person in kilowatt-hours.

Load-shedding itself is not measured here. Eskom publishes the hours of « manual load reduction » on its data portal, but its terms of use reserve the data to Eskom and forbid exploiting it in any way: Citoyen does not reuse them. The value added of electricity, gas and water, in constant 2015 rand, comes from the national accounts published by the South African Reserve Bank; it measures the sector’s activity, not the power delivered.

1. Generation at a ceiling

Electricity generation peaked in 2007. It has never returned to that level, and the sector’s activity follows the same slope.

Electricity generation by source

Terawatt-hours a year (Ember).

  • Solar
  • Wind
  • Hydro and bioenergy
  • Gas and other fossil
  • Nuclear
  • Coal

Source:EmberType of source : Research

Show the chart data
PeriodCoalNuclearGas and other fossilHydro and bioenergyWindSolar
2000196.1 TWh13.0 TWh0.0 TWh1.6 TWh0.0 TWh0.0 TWh
2001197.2 TWh10.7 TWh0.0 TWh2.1 TWh0.0 TWh0.0 TWh
2002206.0 TWh12.0 TWh0.0 TWh2.5 TWh0.0 TWh0.0 TWh
2003220.3 TWh12.7 TWh0.0 TWh1.2 TWh0.0 TWh0.0 TWh
2004229.9 TWh13.4 TWh0.0 TWh1.3 TWh0.0 TWh0.0 TWh
2005231.8 TWh11.3 TWh0.1 TWh1.8 TWh0.0 TWh0.0 TWh
2006240.4 TWh10.0 TWh0.0 TWh3.3 TWh0.0 TWh0.0 TWh
2007247.6 TWh11.3 TWh1.3 TWh3.3 TWh0.0 TWh0.0 TWh
2008243.3 TWh13.0 TWh0.2 TWh1.7 TWh0.0 TWh0.0 TWh
2009234.7 TWh12.8 TWh0.1 TWh1.9 TWh0.0 TWh0.0 TWh
2010243.5 TWh13.5 TWh1.0 TWh1.5 TWh0.0 TWh0.0 TWh
2011244.4 TWh12.9 TWh1.6 TWh3.5 TWh0.0 TWh0.0 TWh
2012239.7 TWh13.0 TWh3.7 TWh1.4 TWh0.0 TWh0.0 TWh
2013233.5 TWh14.1 TWh6.7 TWh1.6 TWh0.0 TWh0.1 TWh
2014229.8 TWh13.8 TWh6.9 TWh2.2 TWh1.1 TWh1.1 TWh
2015227.3 TWh12.2 TWh4.0 TWh1.1 TWh3.1 TWh2.4 TWh
2016229.6 TWh15.0 TWh0.0 TWh1.0 TWh4.2 TWh3.0 TWh
2017228.7 TWh14.2 TWh0.1 TWh1.2 TWh7.0 TWh3.9 TWh
2018231.0 TWh11.6 TWh1.2 TWh1.5 TWh6.4 TWh4.5 TWh
2019225.3 TWh13.3 TWh1.4 TWh1.2 TWh6.6 TWh5.4 TWh
2020214.1 TWh9.9 TWh1.5 TWh1.9 TWh6.4 TWh7.0 TWh
2021210.9 TWh12.4 TWh3.3 TWh2.4 TWh8.7 TWh7.8 TWh
2022201.8 TWh10.1 TWh3.7 TWh3.5 TWh9.7 TWh10.4 TWh
2023192.3 TWh8.1 TWh3.7 TWh2.5 TWh11.6 TWh14.7 TWh
2024206.8 TWh7.8 TWh1.9 TWh1.6 TWh11.1 TWh18.4 TWh
2025197.5 TWh10.2 TWh1.9 TWh2.2 TWh11.3 TWh19.5 TWh

Real value added of electricity, gas and water

Billions of constant 2015 rand, seasonally adjusted and annualised. Latest point: Q2 2026, R94.6bn.

Source:South African Reserve Bank (Statistics South Africa national accounts)

Show the chart data
PeriodValue added
Q1 1990R78.9bn
Q2 1990R78.5bn
Q3 1990R78.9bn
Q4 1990R79.6bn
Q1 1991R79.9bn
Q2 1991R80.7bn
Q3 1991R80.9bn
Q4 1991R80.5bn
Q1 1992R81.2bn
Q2 1992R80.8bn
Q3 1992R80.9bn
Q4 1992R80.8bn
Q1 1993R82.8bn
Q2 1993R83.6bn
Q3 1993R84.4bn
Q4 1993R85.7bn
Q1 1994R87.5bn
Q2 1994R89.1bn
Q3 1994R89.6bn
Q4 1994R89.8bn
Q1 1995R91.3bn
Q2 1995R91.4bn
Q3 1995R90.8bn
Q4 1995R89.6bn
Q1 1996R93.4bn
Q2 1996R97.4bn
Q3 1996R103.2bn
Q4 1996R108.3bn
Q1 1997R106.0bn
Q2 1997R106.3bn
Q3 1997R104.1bn
Q4 1997R101.6bn
Q1 1998R99.7bn
Q2 1998R98.3bn
Q3 1998R96.9bn
Q4 1998R96.8bn
Q1 1999R96.1bn
Q2 1999R97.0bn
Q3 1999R97.5bn
Q4 1999R99.1bn
Q1 2000R100.1bn
Q2 2000R100.8bn
Q3 2000R101.2bn
Q4 2000R99.6bn
Q1 2001R98.0bn
Q2 2001R96.6bn
Q3 2001R96.4bn
Q4 2001R95.9bn
Q1 2002R97.4bn
Q2 2002R99.6bn
Q3 2002R100.9bn
Q4 2002R102.6bn
Q1 2003R102.5bn
Q2 2003R102.6bn
Q3 2003R103.0bn
Q4 2003R104.2bn
Q1 2004R106.1bn
Q2 2004R108.2bn
Q3 2004R111.9bn
Q4 2004R114.1bn
Q1 2005R114.1bn
Q2 2005R115.2bn
Q3 2005R116.1bn
Q4 2005R118.5bn
Q1 2006R119.4bn
Q2 2006R119.7bn
Q3 2006R119.9bn
Q4 2006R120.7bn
Q1 2007R122.6bn
Q2 2007R123.6bn
Q3 2007R124.9bn
Q4 2007R125.0bn
Q1 2008R119.4bn
Q2 2008R118.7bn
Q3 2008R122.4bn
Q4 2008R118.0bn
Q1 2009R116.6bn
Q2 2009R117.1bn
Q3 2009R118.1bn
Q4 2009R118.4bn
Q1 2010R120.2bn
Q2 2010R120.1bn
Q3 2010R119.8bn
Q4 2010R121.5bn
Q1 2011R122.2bn
Q2 2011R122.5bn
Q3 2011R121.9bn
Q4 2011R122.2bn
Q1 2012R122.4bn
Q2 2012R121.2bn
Q3 2012R121.7bn
Q4 2012R121.8bn
Q1 2013R119.2bn
Q2 2013R121.5bn
Q3 2013R122.2bn
Q4 2013R121.1bn
Q1 2014R120.0bn
Q2 2014R119.1bn
Q3 2014R119.4bn
Q4 2014R119.6bn
Q1 2015R118.8bn
Q2 2015R113.8bn
Q3 2015R112.0bn
Q4 2015R111.6bn
Q1 2016R111.3bn
Q2 2016R109.9bn
Q3 2016R110.1bn
Q4 2016R108.5bn
Q1 2017R109.7bn
Q2 2017R110.6bn
Q3 2017R109.9bn
Q4 2017R110.8bn
Q1 2018R111.4bn
Q2 2018R110.9bn
Q3 2018R111.5bn
Q4 2018R111.3bn
Q1 2019R109.2bn
Q2 2019R108.5bn
Q3 2019R107.0bn
Q4 2019R105.5bn
Q1 2020R105.2bn
Q2 2020R92.2bn
Q3 2020R103.7bn
Q4 2020R104.4bn
Q1 2021R104.0bn
Q2 2021R104.7bn
Q3 2021R104.8bn
Q4 2021R101.7bn
Q1 2022R104.0bn
Q2 2022R102.5bn
Q3 2022R99.6bn
Q4 2022R97.5bn
Q1 2023R96.6bn
Q2 2023R95.8bn
Q3 2023R96.0bn
Q4 2023R98.3bn
Q1 2024R98.3bn
Q2 2024R100.2bn
Q3 2024R101.6bn
Q4 2024R100.1bn
Q1 2025R97.5bn
Q2 2025R97.6bn
Q3 2025R95.0bn
Q4 2025R93.0bn
Q1 2026R93.7bn
Q2 2026R94.6bn

2. Coal, still

Coal supplies most of the electricity, a share far above the world average. Nuclear power from the Koeberg plant adds 10.2 TWh in 2025.

Share of coal in electricity generation

South Africa and world (Ember).

  • World
  • South Africa

Source:EmberType of source : Research

Show the chart data
PeriodSouth AfricaWorld
200093.1%38.1%
200193.9%38.1%
200293.4%38.4%
200394.1%39.6%
200494.0%39.1%
200594.6%39.6%
200694.7%40.2%
200794.0%40.9%
200894.2%40.2%
200994.1%39.9%
201093.8%39.9%
201193.1%40.7%
201292.9%40.0%
201391.2%40.9%
201490.2%40.6%
201590.9%38.8%
201690.8%37.9%
201789.6%38.1%
201890.1%38.1%
201989.0%36.8%
202088.9%35.5%
202185.9%36.1%
202284.4%35.7%
202382.6%35.4%
202483.5%34.3%
202581.4%33.2%

Monthly generation by source

Terawatt-hours a month (Ember). Solar and wind together; « other »: hydro, bioenergy, gas and other fossil fuels.

  • Other
  • Solar and wind
  • Nuclear
  • Coal

Source:EmberType of source : Research

Show the chart data
PeriodCoalNuclearSolar and windOther
Jan. 201819.16 TWh1.10 TWh1.05 TWh0.07 TWh
Feb. 201817.49 TWh1.16 TWh0.87 TWh0.07 TWh
Mar. 201819.89 TWh0.69 TWh0.82 TWh0.19 TWh
Apr. 201818.58 TWh0.67 TWh0.74 TWh0.39 TWh
May 201820.68 TWh0.61 TWh0.78 TWh0.16 TWh
Jun. 201820.12 TWh0.80 TWh0.83 TWh0.19 TWh
Jul. 201820.49 TWh1.30 TWh0.86 TWh0.08 TWh
Aug. 201819.83 TWh1.23 TWh0.84 TWh0.12 TWh
Sep. 201818.95 TWh0.91 TWh0.88 TWh0.14 TWh
Oct. 201820.10 TWh0.68 TWh1.03 TWh0.18 TWh
Nov. 201819.22 TWh0.66 TWh1.05 TWh0.32 TWh
Dec. 201818.49 TWh0.74 TWh1.03 TWh0.18 TWh
Jan. 201918.21 TWh1.37 TWh1.16 TWh0.21 TWh
Feb. 201916.59 TWh1.24 TWh0.88 TWh0.51 TWh
Mar. 201918.22 TWh1.37 TWh0.93 TWh0.42 TWh
Apr. 201918.34 TWh1.33 TWh0.82 TWh0.24 TWh
May 201920.07 TWh1.11 TWh0.78 TWh0.13 TWh
Jun. 201919.62 TWh1.33 TWh0.88 TWh0.14 TWh
Jul. 201920.09 TWh1.34 TWh0.97 TWh0.16 TWh
Aug. 201919.20 TWh1.37 TWh0.87 TWh0.07 TWh
Sep. 201918.59 TWh1.08 TWh0.97 TWh0.15 TWh
Oct. 201919.56 TWh0.69 TWh1.05 TWh0.27 TWh
Nov. 201918.65 TWh0.67 TWh1.07 TWh0.28 TWh
Dec. 201917.51 TWh0.68 TWh1.11 TWh0.34 TWh
Jan. 202017.75 TWh1.19 TWh1.10 TWh0.40 TWh
Feb. 202016.98 TWh1.28 TWh0.91 TWh0.26 TWh
Mar. 202017.63 TWh1.18 TWh0.91 TWh0.40 TWh
Apr. 202014.36 TWh0.69 TWh0.84 TWh0.13 TWh
May 202017.57 TWh0.66 TWh0.81 TWh0.14 TWh
Jun. 202019.00 TWh0.64 TWh0.90 TWh0.16 TWh
Jul. 202019.37 TWh0.94 TWh0.95 TWh0.29 TWh
Aug. 202018.80 TWh0.80 TWh1.10 TWh0.29 TWh
Sep. 202018.26 TWh0.66 TWh1.06 TWh0.18 TWh
Oct. 202018.88 TWh0.84 TWh1.16 TWh0.11 TWh
Nov. 202017.46 TWh1.32 TWh1.31 TWh0.07 TWh
Dec. 202016.83 TWh1.33 TWh1.35 TWh0.35 TWh
Jan. 202117.19 TWh0.74 TWh1.27 TWh0.58 TWh
Feb. 202116.06 TWh0.62 TWh1.14 TWh0.75 TWh
Mar. 202118.02 TWh0.69 TWh1.17 TWh0.60 TWh
Apr. 202118.20 TWh0.67 TWh0.95 TWh0.29 TWh
May 202119.30 TWh0.68 TWh1.13 TWh0.40 TWh
Jun. 202118.98 TWh0.89 TWh1.13 TWh0.36 TWh
Jul. 202119.42 TWh1.37 TWh1.26 TWh0.22 TWh
Aug. 202118.68 TWh1.34 TWh1.21 TWh0.17 TWh
Sep. 202117.35 TWh1.25 TWh1.40 TWh0.15 TWh
Oct. 202116.96 TWh1.26 TWh1.53 TWh0.51 TWh
Nov. 202116.20 TWh1.31 TWh1.54 TWh0.38 TWh
Dec. 202115.69 TWh1.35 TWh1.56 TWh0.52 TWh
Jan. 202216.52 TWh0.96 TWh1.51 TWh0.60 TWh
Feb. 202216.02 TWh0.61 TWh1.29 TWh0.57 TWh
Mar. 202217.61 TWh0.68 TWh1.32 TWh0.64 TWh
Apr. 202216.44 TWh0.66 TWh1.47 TWh0.78 TWh
May 202217.93 TWh0.68 TWh1.31 TWh0.70 TWh
Jun. 202217.85 TWh0.66 TWh1.39 TWh0.60 TWh
Jul. 202217.94 TWh0.66 TWh1.61 TWh0.34 TWh
Aug. 202217.82 TWh1.00 TWh1.80 TWh0.34 TWh
Sep. 202215.44 TWh0.80 TWh1.69 TWh0.58 TWh
Oct. 202215.90 TWh1.35 TWh1.76 TWh0.48 TWh
Nov. 202215.34 TWh1.21 TWh1.96 TWh0.56 TWh
Dec. 202213.86 TWh0.82 TWh2.07 TWh0.79 TWh
Jan. 202314.40 TWh0.69 TWh2.15 TWh0.81 TWh
Feb. 202313.50 TWh0.61 TWh1.84 TWh0.77 TWh
Mar. 202315.72 TWh0.69 TWh2.04 TWh0.67 TWh
Apr. 202314.62 TWh0.60 TWh1.77 TWh0.71 TWh
May 202315.70 TWh0.69 TWh1.63 TWh0.81 TWh
Jun. 202316.54 TWh0.63 TWh2.02 TWh0.56 TWh
Jul. 202316.64 TWh0.66 TWh1.93 TWh0.63 TWh
Aug. 202316.24 TWh0.68 TWh2.22 TWh0.47 TWh
Sep. 202314.92 TWh0.66 TWh2.30 TWh0.45 TWh
Oct. 202316.13 TWh0.67 TWh2.54 TWh0.46 TWh
Nov. 202314.58 TWh0.73 TWh2.42 TWh0.75 TWh
Dec. 202314.61 TWh0.83 TWh2.55 TWh0.33 TWh
Jan. 202414.24 TWh0.68 TWh2.52 TWh0.75 TWh
Feb. 202413.72 TWh0.65 TWh2.46 TWh0.59 TWh
Mar. 202415.60 TWh0.70 TWh2.28 TWh0.59 TWh
Apr. 202415.68 TWh0.68 TWh2.10 TWh0.32 TWh
May 202417.10 TWh0.70 TWh1.92 TWh0.20 TWh
Jun. 202418.02 TWh0.64 TWh1.84 TWh0.36 TWh
Jul. 202418.59 TWh0.68 TWh2.11 TWh0.19 TWh
Aug. 202417.58 TWh0.69 TWh2.45 TWh0.18 TWh
Sep. 202416.63 TWh0.35 TWh2.46 TWh0.51 TWh
Oct. 202416.58 TWh0.70 TWh2.88 TWh0.23 TWh
Nov. 202416.07 TWh0.68 TWh2.76 TWh0.26 TWh
Dec. 202414.94 TWh0.68 TWh2.86 TWh0.50 TWh
Jan. 202514.54 TWh1.26 TWh2.86 TWh0.56 TWh
Feb. 202513.74 TWh0.86 TWh2.29 TWh0.57 TWh
Mar. 202515.94 TWh0.52 TWh2.12 TWh0.81 TWh
Apr. 202515.38 TWh0.68 TWh1.87 TWh0.84 TWh
May 202516.88 TWh0.70 TWh2.26 TWh0.55 TWh
Jun. 202517.12 TWh0.68 TWh2.29 TWh0.48 TWh
Jul. 202517.69 TWh0.70 TWh2.37 TWh0.32 TWh
Aug. 202516.98 TWh0.70 TWh2.36 TWh0.22 TWh
Sep. 202515.56 TWh0.67 TWh2.41 TWh0.15 TWh
Oct. 202515.42 TWh0.70 TWh3.01 TWh0.19 TWh
Nov. 202513.91 TWh1.33 TWh2.83 TWh0.26 TWh
Dec. 202512.31 TWh1.41 TWh3.30 TWh0.49 TWh
Jan. 202612.97 TWh1.39 TWh3.41 TWh0.27 TWh
Feb. 202612.60 TWh1.27 TWh2.60 TWh0.38 TWh
Mar. 202613.74 TWh1.39 TWh2.44 TWh0.55 TWh
Apr. 202613.62 TWh0.81 TWh2.15 TWh0.50 TWh
May 202615.87 TWh0.48 TWh1.80 TWh0.53 TWh
Jun. 202616.13 TWh0.46 TWh1.97 TWh0.37 TWh
Jul. 202616.72 TWh0.49 TWh2.04 TWh0.17 TWh
Aug. 202615.96 TWh0.39 TWh2.26 TWh0.21 TWh

3. The rise of solar and wind

Solar and wind generation has multiplied in ten years. It remains a small part of the total: 13.7% over the latest twelve months.

Solar and wind generation

Terawatt-hours a year (Ember). In 2025: 19.5 TWh solar, 11.3 TWh wind.

  • Wind
  • Solar

Source:EmberType of source : Research

Show the chart data
PeriodSolarWind
20100.0 TWh0.0 TWh
20110.0 TWh0.0 TWh
20120.0 TWh0.0 TWh
20130.1 TWh0.0 TWh
20141.1 TWh1.1 TWh
20152.4 TWh3.1 TWh
20163.0 TWh4.2 TWh
20173.9 TWh7.0 TWh
20184.5 TWh6.4 TWh
20195.4 TWh6.6 TWh
20207.0 TWh6.4 TWh
20217.8 TWh8.7 TWh
202210.4 TWh9.7 TWh
202314.7 TWh11.6 TWh
202418.4 TWh11.1 TWh
202519.5 TWh11.3 TWh

4. Consumption and access

Divided by the population, electricity demand has fallen since its peak. Access to the grid has improved.

Electricity demand per person

Kilowatt-hours per person: demand (Ember) divided by the population (World Bank).

Source:EmberType of source : Research·World Bank

Show the chart data
PeriodkWh per person
20004,728
20014,463
20024,640
20034,787
20044,923
20054,902
20065,017
20075,152
20084,983
20094,790
20104,912
20114,895
20124,701
20134,599
20144,535
20154,381
20164,311
20174,312
20184,293
20194,160
20203,912
20213,933
20223,809
20233,675
20243,848
20253,658

Share of the population with access to electricity

South Africa, sub-Saharan Africa, world (World Bank).

  • World
  • Sub-Saharan Africa
  • South Africa

Source:World Bank

Show the chart data
PeriodSouth AfricaSub-Saharan AfricaWorld
199657.6%28.5%–
199769.5%28.4%–
199864.9%28.6%73.2%
199971.3%30.1%74.5%
200072.4%25.7%78.2%
200170.2%26.2%78.7%
200276.7%27.3%79.1%
200378.8%29.6%80.0%
200480.6%29.4%80.0%
200580.8%29.4%80.7%
200680.7%31.2%81.4%
200782.0%32.5%82.0%
200881.9%32.4%82.7%
200982.6%32.6%82.9%
201082.8%33.3%83.5%
201183.6%35.9%84.5%
201285.2%36.8%84.9%
201385.2%38.0%85.7%
201485.9%38.4%86.2%
201585.3%39.2%86.9%
201683.9%43.8%88.1%
201784.4%43.8%88.9%
201884.7%46.4%89.8%
201985.0%47.2%90.1%
202090.0%48.5%90.4%
202189.3%50.7%91.3%
202286.5%51.5%91.3%
202387.7%53.3%91.6%
202490.2%55.1%91.9%

What we know, what we don’t

What the figures establish

  • South African electricity generation is below its level of the late 2000s.
  • Coal still supplies the great majority of electricity, far more than the world average.
  • Solar and wind are growing fast, from a very low level.

What they don’t tell

  • The duration and depth of load-shedding: Eskom’s data are not reusable.
  • The effect of power cuts on jobs or growth: these series do not measure it.
  • The exact output of solar panels installed by households and firms, partly off the grid.

Stay up to date

This dossier is updated at least once a quarter with the new figures. Follow it to get a notification at each update.

Sources

Series downloaded from their producers on Nov 12, 2026, the snapshot date. Only published periods are used: no projection.

  • South African Reserve Bank (Statistics South Africa national accounts) Gross value added of electricity, gas and water, constant 2015 prices, seasonally adjusted and annualised (NRI6635D)
  • World Bank Population, total (SP.POP.TOTL)
  • World Bank Access to electricity, % of population (EG.ELC.ACCS.ZS)
  • Ember Type of source : Research Yearly electricity data (generation, shares, demand), CC BY 4.0
  • Ember Type of source : Research Monthly electricity data, CC BY 4.0