Share of voters who cast a ballot in the country's reference national election: lower house of parliament in parliamentary systems, first round of the presidential election in presidential systems, the European Parliament for the EU. Official figures from the electoral authorities, relative to registered voters. United States: Census self-reported survey (CPS) relative to voting-age citizens, which slightly over-states turnout.· Not comparable across countries: the election differs (parliament or president), voting is compulsory in some countries (Australia, Brazil, Argentina, Türkiye), and the base differs (registered voters; US: voting-age citizens, self-reported)
