Reforms
Following the major reforms under way, country by country: what the text provides, where it stands, and what its supporters and opponents say. Every fact is sourced; Citoyen takes no position.
5 reforms
- FrancePensionsUpdated: October 31, 2026Suspended2023 pension reform: legal retirement age raised to 64The law of 14 April 2023 gradually raises the legal retirement age from 62 to 64 and speeds up the increase in the required contribution period. The 2026 social security financing act shifted this phase-in by one generation for pensions starting from 1 September 2026.Read the factsheet →
- FranceLabour marketUpdated: November 3, 2026In force2023 Full Employment Act: France Travail and automatic registration of RSA recipientsThe law of 18 December 2023 replaced Pôle emploi with France Travail on 1 January 2024 and created a « network for employment ». Since January 2025, recipients of the RSA minimum income, young people supported by local youth agencies and disabled people supported by Cap emploi are automatically registered with France Travail and sign a single « commitment contract », with in principle at least 15 hours of activity a week. A graduated « suspension-remobilisation » sanction applies since 1 June 2025. The Constitutional Council struck down the data-sharing provisions and issued interpretation reservations.Read the factsheet →
- FranceDefenseUpdated: November 3, 2026In forceMilitary programming act 2024-2030 and its 2026 updateThe act of 1 August 2023 sets the armed forces’ resources for 2024-2030: €413.3bn of programmed needs, including €400bn of payment appropriations for the « Défense » budget mission, rising from €47.2bn in 2024 to €67.4bn in 2030. The act of 16 August 2026 updated it, adding €36bn over 2026-2030 for an updated total of €435.7bn.Read the factsheet →
- United StatesEconomy & public financesUpdated: November 3, 2026In force« One Big Beautiful Bill Act » (Public Law 119-21): tax cuts, Medicaid and SNAP changes, higher debt limitThe 2025 budget reconciliation law, signed on 4 July 2025, makes the 2017 tax cuts permanent, adds temporary deductions for tips, overtime and seniors, raises the cap on the state and local tax deduction, adds work requirements to Medicaid and SNAP, phases out several clean-energy tax credits, funds immigration enforcement and defense, and raises the federal debt limit by $5 trillion. The CBO estimates it adds $3.4 trillion to deficits over 2025–2034 relative to its January 2025 baseline. Known as the « One Big Beautiful Bill Act », it has no official short title: the Senate struck it before passage.Read the factsheet →
- United StatesEconomy & public financesUpdated: November 3, 2026Struck down2025 emergency tariffs (IEEPA): “Liberation Day” reciprocal tariffs and fentanyl duties, struck down by the Supreme CourtIn 2025 the President used the International Emergency Economic Powers Act (IEEPA) to impose additional duties: 25% on Canadian and Mexican goods and 10% on Chinese goods over fentanyl flows (February), then a 10% duty on almost all imports plus higher country-specific rates under Executive Order 14257 of 2 April 2025. On 20 February 2026 the Supreme Court held that IEEPA does not authorize the President to impose tariffs. The duties were terminated, refunds to importers began in April 2026, and the administration switched to other legal bases: a temporary 10% surcharge under Section 122, then Section 301 duties from 24 July 2026.Read the factsheet →
