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Italy

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Economy & public finances

Synthesis notes

Labour market

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Purchasing power & prices

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Education & training

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Health

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Security & crime

Synthesis notes

Housing

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Immigration & integration

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Environment, energy & climate

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Transport & mobility

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Social cohesion, poverty & inequality

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Defense

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Institutional trust

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Economy & public finances★ Primary KPI

Italy — GDP Growth

Change in real GDP from one period to the next; positive means the economy grows, negative that it shrinks.

0.5 %

2025

Source: OECD· 2026

Economy & public finances

Italy — GDP

Gross domestic product at current prices, expressed in billions of US dollars (market exchange rate). The standard cross-country measure of "size of the economy" in a common currency.

2,779 USD bn

2030

Source: IMF· 2025

Economy & public finances

Italy — Public debt

Total government debt as a share of GDP; the lower the ratio, the more sustainable the debt.

137.7 % PIB

2030

Source: IMF· 2025

Economy & public finances

Italy — Budget Balance / GDP

Government revenue minus spending over a year, as % of GDP; negative is a deficit, positive a surplus.

-3.4 % PIB

2024

Source: Eurostat· 2026

Economy & public finances

Italy — Public spending

Total government spending relative to GDP; gauges the weight of the state in the economy.

50.4 % PIB

2024

Source: Eurostat· 2026

Economy & public finances

Italy — GDP per capita

National output (GDP) divided by population; a rough proxy for average living standards, in dollars.

37.3K USD

2024

Source: Eurostat· 2026

Economy & public finances

Italy — Mandatory levies

Taxes and social contributions collected, as % of GDP; measures the overall tax burden.

42.5 % PIB

2024

Source: Eurostat· 2026

Economy & public finances

Italy — Gross fixed capital formation

Investment in durable assets — machinery, buildings, housing — by firms, households and government; shown as an index.

22.15 index

2024

Source: World Bank· 2026

Economy & public finances

Italy — Current account balance

Balance of current transactions with abroad (goods, services, income), as % of GDP; positive means the country lends to the world.

2 % PIB

2030

Source: IMF· 2025

Economy & public finances

Italy — International reserves

Total reserve assets held by the central bank (gold, FX, SDRs, IMF position). Signals the country's ability to meet external obligations.

349,186 M USD

2025

Source: IMF· 2025

Labour market★ Primary KPI

Italy — Unemployment Rate

Share of the labour force without a job and seeking one, per the ILO definition; lower is better.

6.1 %

2025

Source: OECD· 2026

Labour market

Italy — Youth Unemployment

Unemployment rate for ages 15-24; usually higher than average, it reveals young people's entry difficulties.

23.7 %

2025

Source: ILO· 2023

Labour market

Italy — Employment Rate

Share of people aged 15-64 who are employed; measures how well the economy puts working-age people to work.

45.2 %

2025

Source: ILO· 2023

Labour market

Italy — Activity rate

Share of people aged 15-64 in the labour market (employed or seeking work); measures engagement in working life.

49.6 %

2024

Source: World Bank· 2026

Labour market

Italy — Hours worked

Mean weekly hours actually worked per employed person. Measures work intensity.

34.03 hours/week

2024

Source: ILO· 2023

Labour market

Italy — Job vacancies / tightness

Index of unfilled jobs and recruitment tightness; a high level signals hiring difficulties.

1.9 index

2025

Source: Eurostat· 2026

Labour market

Italy — Labour force participation rate

Share of the working-age population (15+) that is either employed or actively seeking work. Measures labour-market engagement.

49 %

2025

Source: ILO· 2023

Purchasing power & prices★ Primary KPI

Italy — Inflation (CPI)

Average annual rise in consumer prices (CPI); 2% is the common target, above it purchasing power erodes.

1.5 %

2025

Source: OECD· 2026

Purchasing power & prices

Italy — Household purchasing power

Change in households' purchasing power per consumption unit; what income can actually buy once prices are factored in.

1.1 %

2024

Source: Eurostat· 2026

Purchasing power & prices

Italy — Average wage (SMPT)

Average wage per head; the mean gross pay of employees, in euros.

33.1K EUR

2024

Source: OECD· 2026

Purchasing power & prices

Italy — Household savings rate

Share of disposable income households save rather than spend, in %; reflects caution and confidence.

12 %

2024

Source: Eurostat· 2026

Education & training★ Primary KPI

Italy — Education expenditure

Total spending on education as % of GDP; measures the national effort for schools and universities.

4.1 % PIB

2022

Source: World Bank· 2026

Education & training★ Primary KPI

Italy — Education Spending

Public spending on education

4.1 % GDP

2022

Source: World Bank· 2026

Education & training

Italy — Student/Teacher Ratio

Primary school student–teacher ratio

11.48 ratio

2017

Source: World Bank· 2026

Education & training

Italy — Tertiary Attainment

Share of 25-34 year-olds with a tertiary degree; measures the qualification level of the young generation.

31.6 %

2024

Source: Eurostat· 2026

Education & training

Italy — Early school leaving

Share of 18-24 year-olds who left school without an upper-secondary qualification; lower is better.

9.8 %

2024

Source: Eurostat· 2026

Education & training

Italy — PISA scores

Average pupil score on the international PISA tests (reading, maths, science); allows education systems to be compared.

487 score

2018

Source: World Bank· 2024

Education & training

Italy — Student-teacher ratio

Average number of pupils per teacher; a lower ratio means better supervision.

11.48 ratio

2017

Source: World Bank· 2026

Education & training

Italy — Tertiary enrolment

Number of students enrolled in higher education; tracks the expansion of universities.

75.95 count

2023

Source: World Bank· 2026

Education & training

Italy — Graduate employment

Share of graduates employed soon after leaving education; measures entry into the job market.

74.4 %

2024

Source: Eurostat· 2026

Education & training

Italy — Spending per student

Average spending per pupil or student, in euros; measures resources allocated per learner.

8.1K EUR

2022

Source: Eurostat· 2025

Health★ Primary KPI

Italy — Life expectancy

Average number of years a newborn can expect to live under current mortality conditions.

84.1 years

2024

Source: Eurostat· 2026

Health

Italy — Healthy life expectancy

Years of life expected without major disability; measures quality, not just length, of life.

69.1 years

2023

Source: Eurostat· 2025

Health

Italy — Infant mortality

Deaths of children before age 1 per 1,000 live births; a key indicator of a country's health.

2.3 per 1000

2024

Source: World Bank· 2026

Health

Italy — Health expenditure

Current health spending as % of GDP; measures resources devoted to the healthcare system.

8.4 % PIB

2024

Source: OECD· 2025

Health

Italy — Health spending per capita

Current health spending per capita, in US dollars. Measures what a country devotes on average per person to the healthcare system.

3.4K USD

2024

Source: World Bank· 2026

Health

Italy — Physician density

Number of physicians per 1,000 inhabitants; a low level signals medical deserts.

4.19 per 1000

2022

Source: World Bank· 2026

Health

Italy — Vaccination coverage

Share of the population properly vaccinated; a high rate protects the community.

94 %

2024

Source: World Bank· 2026

Health

Italy — Preventable mortality

Deaths that could have been avoided through prevention or care, per 100,000; lower is better.

93 per 100k

2022

Source: OECD

Health

Italy — Hospital beds

Number of hospital beds per 1,000 inhabitants; measures hospital capacity.

3.06 per 1000

2022

Source: World Bank· 2026

Security & crime★ Primary KPI

Italy — Homicide Rate

Homicides per 100,000 inhabitants; the most reliable violence indicator as it is best recorded.

0.57 per 100k

2023

Source: Eurostat· 2026

Housing★ Primary KPI

Italy — Property price index

House price index (Notaires-INSEE); tracks property prices, base 100 at a reference year.

73.03 index

2025

Source: BIS· 2025

Housing

Italy — Housing cost burden

Share of income households spend on housing (rent or loan plus costs); above 40% is considered overburden.

13.6 %

2024

Source: Eurostat· 2026

Housing

Italy — Home ownership rate

Share of households owning their home; a marker of wealth and residential stability.

75.9 %

2024

Source: Eurostat· 2026

Housing

Italy — Overcrowding

Share of overcrowded dwellings (too many people per room); an indicator of inadequate housing.

23.9 %

2024

Source: Eurostat· 2026

Housing

Italy — Household credit

Outstanding credit to households as % of GDP. Measures structural household leverage.

36.1 % GDP

2024

Source: BIS· 2025

Immigration & integration★ Primary KPI

Italy — Residence permits issued

Number of first residence permits issued, by reason (work, study, asylum, family).

346.4K count

2024

Source: Eurostat· 2026

Immigration & integration

Italy — Asylum applications

Number of asylum applications filed, and the share granted protection.

151.1K count

2024

Source: Eurostat· 2026

Immigration & integration

Italy — Naturalisations

Number of people who acquired the country's nationality during the year.

213.6K count

2023

Source: Eurostat· 2025

Immigration & integration

Italy — Net migration

Difference between people entering and leaving the territory; positive means more arrivals than departures.

95.2K count

2024

Source: World Bank· 2026

Immigration & integration

Italy — Immigrant employment rate

Employment rate of the immigrant population; compared with the average, it gauges economic integration.

66.3 %

2024

Source: Eurostat· 2026

Immigration & integration

Italy — Removals / OQTF

Number of removal orders carried out; measures enforcement of removal policy.

4.5K count

2024

Source: Eurostat· 2026

Immigration & integration

Italy — Family reunification

Number of admissions under family reunification.

110.1K count

2024

Source: Eurostat· 2026

Environment, energy & climate★ Primary KPI

Italy — GHG emissions

Total greenhouse-gas emissions, in million tonnes of CO2 equivalent; cutting it is the climate goal.

371 MtCO2e

2024

Source: World Bank· 2026

Environment, energy & climate

Italy — Renewable energy share

Share of renewables in energy consumption; the higher, the more decarbonised the mix.

17.5 %

2021

Source: World Bank· 2026

Environment, energy & climate

Italy — Air quality (PM2.5)

Average concentration of fine PM2.5 particles in the air; above WHO thresholds, health is at risk.

14.66 µg/m3

2020

Source: World Bank· 2026

Environment, energy & climate

Italy — Forest cover

Share of land covered by forest; a carbon sink and a biodiversity marker.

32.9 %

2023

Source: World Bank· 2026

Transport & mobility★ Primary KPI

Italy — Road Mortality

Number of people killed on the roads; the main road-safety indicator.

5.3 count

2019

Source: World Bank· 2026

Social cohesion, poverty & inequality★ Primary KPI

Italy — Poverty rate

Share of the population below the poverty line (60% of median income); lower is better.

18.9 %

2024

Source: Eurostat· 2026

Social cohesion, poverty & inequality

Italy — Median living standard

Income level splitting the population in two halves, in euros per year; the middle income, less skewed than the average.

20.6K EUR

2024

Source: Eurostat· 2026

Social cohesion, poverty & inequality

Italy — Gini index

Measure of income inequality from 0 (perfect equality) to 1; the lower the index, the more equal the society.

32.2 index

2024

Source: Eurostat· 2026

Social cohesion, poverty & inequality

Italy — Poverty intensity

Gap between poor people's income and the poverty line; measures the depth, not the number, of poverty.

26 %

2024

Source: Eurostat· 2026

Social cohesion, poverty & inequality

Italy — Material deprivation

Share of people lacking essential goods or services (heating, meals, emergencies); concrete poverty, beyond income alone.

8.5 %

2024

Source: Eurostat· 2026

Social cohesion, poverty & inequality

Italy — Child poverty

Share of children below the poverty line; a closely watched indicator as it drives lasting inequality.

23.2 %

2024

Source: Eurostat· 2026

Social cohesion, poverty & inequality

Italy — Gender income gap

Average income gap between women and men, in %; measures gender economic inequality.

2.2 %

2023

Source: Eurostat· 2025

Social cohesion, poverty & inequality

Italy — Household over-indebtedness

Number of over-indebtedness filings; signals households' financial fragility.

4.4 count

2024

Source: BIS· 2025

Defense★ Primary KPI

Italy — Defense spending

Military spending as % of GDP; measures the national defense effort.

1.6 % GDP

2024

Source: World Bank· 2026

Defense

Italy — Military spending (USD)

Military spending in current USD; enables volume comparison.

38B USD

2024

Source: World Bank· 2026

Defense

Italy — Active military personnel

Number of active-duty military personnel; reflects the size of the armed forces.

338K count

2020

Source: World Bank· 2026

Defense

Italy — Military personnel (% labour force)

Share of military personnel in the labour force.

1.4 %

2020

Source: World Bank· 2026

Defense

Italy — Arms exports

Value of arms transfers exported; indicates weight in the global defense industry.

1.4B USD

2024

Source: World Bank· 2026

Defense

Italy — Arms imports

Value of arms transfers imported; indicates dependence on external suppliers.

432M USD

2024

Source: World Bank· 2026

Defense

Italy — Defense spending — % of government expenditure

Military expenditure as a share of total general government expenditure.

3.2 %

2024

Source: World Bank· 2026

Defense

Italy — Defense spending — local currency (EUR)

Military expenditure in current local currency units (EUR) — domestic-budget view.

35.1B EUR

2024

Source: World Bank· 2026

Institutional trust

Italy — Leader approval

Giorgia Meloni · Présidente du Conseil· in office since October 2022

38 %

Trust· Termometro Politico / Ipsos· 2026-06

Inter-pollster range: 38–42%

Cross-country comparison is imperfect. Methods differ by country (job approval, trust rating, favourability, fiducia, cabinet approval). Values are not strictly equivalent.Mandat depuis oct. 2022 ; historique tracé à partir de 2025. La plus stable/solide des dirigeants européens de la base.

Source: Termometro Politico / Ipsos· 2026-06

Institutional trust★ Primary KPI

Italy — Trust in national government

Share of the population reporting trust in the national government.

35.9 %

2023

Source: OECD

Institutional trust

Italy — Trust in parliament

Share of the population reporting trust in parliament.

30.9 %

2023

Source: OECD

Institutional trust

Italy — Trust in the justice system

Share of the population reporting trust in the justice system.

42.5 %

2023

Source: OECD

Institutional trust

Italy — Trust in local government

Share of the population reporting trust in local government.

41.2 %

2023

Source: OECD