Citoyen
  • Home
  • Countries
  • Categories
  • Comparison
  • Synthesis notes
  • Analyses
  • Reforms
  • Sources
  • About
  • Home
  • Countries
  • Search
  • Saved
Countries/United Kingdom

Economy & public finances

United Kingdom · 30 indicators

Read the summary
Economy & public finances

United Kingdom — GDP Growth

Primary KPI: one of the key indicators tracked first for this country.Change in real GDP from one period to the next; positive means the economy grows, negative that it shrinks.
1.4%
Q2 2026
Frequency
Source: Office for National Statistics· Data Q2 2026
Upd. 09/2026
ExploreSource
Economy & public finances

United Kingdom — GDP

Gross domestic product at current prices, expressed in billions of US dollars (market exchange rate). The standard cross-country measure of "size of the economy" in a common currency.
3,839USD bn
2025
Source: IMF· Data 2025
Upd. 05/2025 · Y-axis truncated
ExploreSource
Economy & public finances

United Kingdom — Public debt

Total government debt as a share of GDP; the lower the ratio, the more sustainable the debt.
102.6% GDP
Q2 2026
Frequency
Source: Office for National Statistics· Data Q2 2026
Upd. 09/2026 · Y-axis truncated
ExploreSource
Economy & public finances

United Kingdom — Budget Balance / GDP

Government revenue minus spending over a year, as % of GDP; negative is a deficit, positive a surplus.
-5.4% GDP
2025
Source: Office for National Statistics· Data 2025
Upd. 09/2026
ExploreSource
Economy & public finances

United Kingdom — Public spending

Total government spending relative to GDP; gauges the weight of the state in the economy.
41.2% GDP
2023
Source: World Bank· Data 2023
Upd. 10/2026 · Y-axis truncated
ExploreSource
Economy & public finances

United Kingdom — Public budget by function

% of total public expenditure

  • Social protection
    32.9%
  • Health
    18.6%
  • General services
    13.6%
  • Economic affairs
    10.5%
  • Education
    10.3%
Source: IMF · GFS (COFOG)· Data 2023
 
ExploreSource
Economy & public finances

United Kingdom — GDP per capita

National output (GDP) divided by population; a rough proxy for average living standards. Shown in the source's unit: euros (Eurostat, Destatis), international dollars at purchasing-power parity (IMF) or US dollars (BEA, World Bank).
37.8KPPP $
2019
Source: IMF· Data 2019
Upd. 01/2026 · Y-axis truncated
ExploreSource
Economy & public finances

United Kingdom — Hourly labour cost

Average compensation of employees per hour worked — the level used in EU cost-competitiveness comparisons.
27.2EUR/hour
2019
Source: CEPREMAP· Data 2019
Upd. 01/2026 · Y-axis truncated
ExploreSource
Economy & public finances

United Kingdom — Labour productivity per hour

Real labour productivity per hour worked (index 2015=100) — long-run growth driver.
100index
Q1 2026
Frequency
Source: Office for National Statistics· Data Q1 2026
Upd. 08/2026 · Y-axis truncated
ExploreSource
Economy & public finances

United Kingdom — Mandatory levies

Taxes and social contributions collected, as % of GDP; measures the overall tax burden.
26.9% GDP
2024
Source: World Bank· Data 2024
Upd. 10/2026 · Y-axis truncated
ExploreSource
Economy & public finances

United Kingdom — Industrial production

Index of the volume produced by industry (factories, energy); tracks industrial activity month by month, base 100 at a reference year.
101index
Q2 2026
Frequency
Source: Office for National Statistics· Data Q2 2026
Upd. 10/2026 · Y-axis truncated
ExploreSource
Economy & public finances

United Kingdom — Gross fixed capital formation

Share of GDP devoted to investment in durable assets — machinery, buildings, housing — by firms, households and government.
18.8% GDP
2025
Source: Office for National Statistics· Data 2025
Upd. 09/2026 · Y-axis truncated
ExploreSource
Economy & public finances

United Kingdom — Current account balance

Balance of current transactions with abroad (goods, services, income), as % of GDP; positive means the country lends to the world.
-3.7% GDP
2025
Source: IMF· Data 2025
Upd. 05/2025
ExploreSource
Economy & public finances

United Kingdom — Household saving rate

Gross saving rate of households — share of disposable income not consumed.
6.5%
2019
Frequency
Source: CEPREMAP· Data 2019
Upd. 01/2026
ExploreSource
Economy & public finances

United Kingdom — NFC profit share

Gross profit share of non-financial corporations (B2G_B3G / B1G) — wage/profit split debate centre.
33.9%
2019
Frequency
Source: CEPREMAP· Data 2019
Upd. 01/2026 · Y-axis truncated
ExploreSource
Economy & public finances

United Kingdom — NFC investment rate

Gross investment rate of non-financial corporations (P51G / B1G) — supply-side health check.
18.4%
2019
Frequency
Source: CEPREMAP· Data 2019
Upd. 01/2026 · Y-axis truncated
ExploreSource
Economy & public finances

United Kingdom — R&D intensity

Total R&D expenditure as % of GDP — knowledge-economy headline; 3% Lisbon reference target.
1.8% GDP
2019
Source: OECD· Data 2019
Upd. 01/2026 · Y-axis truncated
ExploreSource
Economy & public finances

United Kingdom — 10-year sovereign bond yield

Monthly average yield on the 10-year EMU convergence benchmark bond — sovereign borrowing-cost barometer.
4.12%/yr
2024
Frequency
Source: OECD· Data 2024
Upd. 01/2026
ExploreSource
Economy & public finances

United Kingdom — International reserves

Total reserve assets held by the central bank (gold, FX, SDRs, IMF position). Signals the country's ability to meet external obligations.
174,767M USD
2024
Frequency
Source: IMF· Data 2024
Upd. 08/2025 · Y-axis truncated
ExploreSource
Economy & public finances

United Kingdom — Social protection

Pensions, unemployment, family, sickness, social exclusion benefits (share of total public expenditure — typically the largest line item).
32.9%
of total public expenditure · 2023
Source: CEPREMAP· Data 2023
Upd. 06/2026 · Y-axis truncated
ExploreSource
Economy & public finances

United Kingdom — Health

Public hospitals, outpatient care, pharmaceuticals, public health (share of total public expenditure — distinct concept from total health expenditure % GDP which includes private spending).
18.6%
of total public expenditure · 2023
Source: CEPREMAP· Data 2023
Upd. 06/2026 · Y-axis truncated
ExploreSource
Economy & public finances

United Kingdom — Education

Primary, secondary, tertiary education, research and training (share of total public expenditure — distinct concept from education spending % GDP).
10.3%
of total public expenditure · 2023
Source: CEPREMAP· Data 2023
Upd. 06/2026 · Y-axis truncated
ExploreSource
Economy & public finances

United Kingdom — General services

Operating costs of government bodies, legislative organs, external aid, and public debt servicing (share of total public expenditure).
13.6%
of total public expenditure · 2023
Source: CEPREMAP· Data 2023
Upd. 06/2026 · Y-axis truncated
ExploreSource
Economy & public finances

United Kingdom — Defense

Military and civil defense expenditure (share of total public expenditure, Eurostat COFOG source — distinct concept from SIPRI % GDP).
4.8%
of total public expenditure · 2023
Source: CEPREMAP· Data 2023
Upd. 06/2026 · Y-axis truncated
ExploreSource
Economy & public finances

United Kingdom — Public order & safety

Police, courts, prisons, and fire services (share of total public expenditure).
4.6%
of total public expenditure · 2023
Source: CEPREMAP· Data 2023
Upd. 06/2026 · Y-axis truncated
ExploreSource
Economy & public finances

United Kingdom — Economic affairs

Sectoral subsidies, transport, energy, communications, economic R&D (share of total public expenditure).
10.5%
of total public expenditure · 2023
Source: CEPREMAP· Data 2023
Upd. 06/2026 · Y-axis truncated
ExploreSource
Economy & public finances

United Kingdom — Environmental protection

Waste management, water, biodiversity, pollution control (share of total public expenditure).
1.5%
of total public expenditure · 2023
Source: CEPREMAP· Data 2023
Upd. 06/2026 · Y-axis truncated
ExploreSource
Economy & public finances

United Kingdom — Housing & community amenities

Social housing, urban planning, water supply, street lighting (share of total public expenditure).
2%
of total public expenditure · 2023
Source: CEPREMAP· Data 2023
Upd. 06/2026 · Y-axis truncated
ExploreSource
Economy & public finances

United Kingdom — Recreation, culture & religion

Sport, culture, public media, support for religion (share of total public expenditure).
1.3%
of total public expenditure · 2023
Source: CEPREMAP· Data 2023
Upd. 06/2026 · Y-axis truncated
ExploreSource
Economy & public finances

United Kingdom — Public debt (amount)

Outstanding consolidated gross debt of general government (central and local government, social security), in current national currency. Complements public debt as % of GDP: the amount measures what is owed, the ratio its sustainability.
3.1TGBP
2025
Source: IMF· Data 2025
Upd. 05/2025 · Y-axis truncated
ExploreSource